ARCOM

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Abdul-Aziz, A, Suresh, S and Renukappa, S (2020) The conundrum of professionalising building surveying in Malaysia. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(05), 621–34.

Aboshia, A M A, Rahmat, R A, Zain, M F M and Ismail, A (2017) Enhancing mortar strengths by ternary geopolymer binder of metakaolin, slag, and palm ash. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 35(05), 438–55.

• Type: Journal Article
• Keywords: Slag; Alkaline mixture; Metakaolin; Mortar strength; Palm oil fuel ash; Ternary geopolymer binder;
• ISBN/ISSN: 2398-4708
• URL: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-03-2017-0014
• Abstract:
  The purpose of this paper is to develop an alternative new ternary geopolymer mortar (MKSP) to resolve a traditional mortar problem which exhibits several disadvantages, including poor strengths and surface microcracks and the CO₂ air pollution. The MKSP ternary binder was produced using metakaolin (MK), slag (S), and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) activated with an alkaline mixture of sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) and 10 M NaOH in a mass ratio of 2.5. Seven different mix proportions of MK, slag, and POFA were used to fabricate MKSP mortars. The water-to-binder ratio was varied between 0.4 and 0.5. The mortars were heat cured for 2 h at 80°C and then aged in air. Flexural stress and strain, mortars flow and compressive strength were tested. Furthermore, the mortars were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The results showed that the sample MKSP6, which contained 40 percent MK, 40 percent slag, and 20 percent POFA, exhibited high compressive strength (52 MPa) without any cracks and flexural strength (6.9 MPa) at 28 days after being cured for 2 h at 80°C; however, the MKSP7 mortar with optimal strength of 55 MPa showed some surface cracks . Further, the results of the XRD, SEM, and FTIR analyses indicated that the MKSP mortars primarily consisted of a crystalline (Si+Al) phase (70 percent) and a smaller amorphous (Si+Ca) phase (30 percent). The MKSP ternary geopolymer mix has three limitations as an importance of heat curing for development early strength, POFA content less than 20 percent to gain high normal strength and delaying the sitting time by controlling the slag content or the alkali activator type. The use of geopolymer materials binder in a real building is limited and it still under research, Thus, the first model of real applied geopolymer cement in 2008 was the E-Crete model that formed by Zeobond company Australia to take the technology of geopolymer concrete to reality. Zeobond Pty Ltd was founded by Professor Jannie S.J. van (van Deventer et al., 2013), it was used to product precast concrete for the building structure. The second model was PYRAMENT model in 2002 by American cement manufacturer Lone Star Industries which was produced from the development carried out on inorganic alumino-silicate polymers called geopolymer (Palomo et al., 1999). In 2013 the third model was Queensland’s University GCI building with three suspended floors made from structural geopolymer concrete containing slag/fly ash-based geopolymer (Pathak, 2016). In Australia, 2014, the newly completed Brisbane West Wellcamp airport becomes the greenest airport in the world. Cement-free geopolymer concrete was used to save more than 6,600 tons of carbon emissions in the construction of the airport. Therefore, the next century will see cement companies developing alternative binders that are more environmentally friendly from a sustainable development point of view. Production of new geopolymer binder of mortar as alternative to traditional cement binder with high early and normal strength from low cost waste materials, less potential of cracking, less energy consumption need and low carbon dioxide emission.

Baharudin, M R, Nasruddin, H N, Rahman, A A, Mahadi, M R and Noor, S B M (2018) Numerical model for individual time calculation for evacuation among secondary students. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 36(05), 450–70.

Chung, H C P and Adeyeye, K (2018) Structural flood damage and the efficacy of property-level flood protection. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 36(05), 471–99.

Costin, G, Nakai Kidd, A, Simon, T and Edwards, D J (2019) Collaborative procurement and private-sector housebuilding and refurbishment works. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 699–717.

Esteves, I C, Medeiros-Junior, R A and Medeiros, M H (2018) NDT for bridges durability assessment on urban-industrial environment in Brazil. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 36(05), 500–15.

Falorca, J F (2019) Main functions for building maintenance management: an outline application. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 490–509.

Fasna, M and Gunatilake, S (2020) Roles and functions of stakeholders in implementing energy retrofits in the hotel sector. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(05), 737–51.

Fatayer, F A, Hassanain, M A, Abdallah, A and Al-Hammad, A (2019) Investigation of facilities management practices for providing feedback during the design development and review stages. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 597–614.

Glew, D, Smith, M B, Miles-Shenton, D and Gorse, C (2017) Assessing the quality of retrofits in solid wall dwellings. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 35(05), 501–18.

Hassanain, M A, Al-Zahrani, M, Abdallah, A and Sayed, A M (2019) Assessment of factors affecting maintenance cost of public school facilities. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 528–46.

Hassanain, M A, Sanni-Anibire, M O, Mahmoud, A S and Ahmed, W (2019) Post-occupancy evaluation of research and academic laboratory facilities. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(05), 797–810.

Hauashdh, A, Jailani, J, Abdul Rahman, I and AL-fadhali, N (2020) Building maintenance practices in Malaysia: a systematic review of issues, effects and the way forward. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(05), 653–72.

Ibbotson, K and Farrell, P (2019) The challenges of prioritising low carbon in public sector Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management (FCERM) construction. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 615–28.

Ismail, Z (2019) Developing a maintenance index framework for heritage concrete buildings. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 510–27.

Kıran Çakır, H, Aydın, D and Arabulan, S (2020) Adaptive reuse of open spaces in historical buildings. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(05), 703–19.

Kaasalainen, T and Huuhka, S (2020) Existing apartment buildings as a spatial reserve for assisted living. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(05), 753–69.

Kikwasi, G and Mbuya, E (2019) Vulnerability analysis of building structures to floods. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 629–56.

M., A (2019) An empirical study on life cycle assessment of double-glazed aluminium-clad timber windows. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 547–64.

Marzouk, M, ElSharkawy, M, Elsayed, P and Eissa, A (2020) Resolving deterioration of heritage building elements using an expert system. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(05), 721–35.

Nieboer, N (2017) Improving energy performance of Dutch homes: coping with general investment behaviours. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 35(05), 488–500.

Ojo, G K, Adeyeye, G M, Opawole, A and Kajimo-Shakantu, K (2019) Gender differences in workplace stress response strategies of quantity surveyors in Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 718–32.

Oladokun, V O, Proverbs, D G and Lamond, J (2017) Measuring flood resilience: a fuzzy logic approach. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 35(05), 470–87.

Owusu-Manu, D, Edwards, D J, Donkor-Hyiaman, K A, Asiedu, R O, Hosseini, M R and Obiri-Yeboah, E (2019) Housing attributes and relative house prices in Ghana. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 733–46.

Pakkala, T A, Köliö, A, Lahdensivu, J and Pentti, M (2019) Predicted corrosion rate on outdoor exposed concrete structures. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 679–98.

Peng, Z, Deng, W and Hong, Y (2019) Materials consumption, indoor thermal comfort and associated energy flows of urban residential buildings. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 579–96.

Pourebrahimi, M, Eghbali, S R and Pereira Roders, A (2020) Identifying building obsolescence: towards increasing buildings' service life. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(05), 635–52.

Sanni-Anibire, M O, Hassanain, M A, Mahmoud, A S and Ahmed, W (2018) An evaluation of the functional performance of research and academic laboratories using the space syntax approach. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 36(05), 516–28.

Sharifi, A A and Farahinia, A H (2020) Evaluation of the future adaptive reuse of Mashrooteh house using the adaptSTAR model. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(05), 771–84.

Shirleyana, Hawken, S and Sunindijo, R Y (2018) City of Kampung: risk and resilience in the urban communities of Surabaya, Indonesia. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 36(05), 543–68.

Sohail, M G, Salih, M, Al Nuaimi, N and Kahraman, R (2019) Corrosion performance of mild steel and epoxy coated rebar in concrete under simulated harsh environment. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 657–78.

Sundling, R, Olander, S, Wallentén, P, Burke, S, Bernardo, R and Blomsterberg, & (2019) Lifecycle profit analysis of prefabricated multi-active façades. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 37(05), 565–78.

Swan, W, Fitton, R, Smith, L, Abbott, C and Smith, L (2017) Adoption of sustainable retrofit in UK social housing 2010-2015. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 35(05), 456–69.

Wilkinson, S, Biloria, N and Ralph, P (2020) The technical issues associated with algae building technology. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(05), 673–88.

Yazdani Mehr, S and Wilkinson, S (2018) Technical issues and energy efficient adaptive reuse of heritage listed city halls in Queensland Australia. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 36(05), 529–42.

Yazdani Mehr, S and Wilkinson, S (2020) The importance of place and authenticity in adaptive reuse of heritage buildings. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(05), 689–701.

Zhang, K (2020) Energy-saving parameterized design of buildings based on genetic algorithm. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(05), 785–95.