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Aijazi, O (2015) Social repair and structural inequity: implications for disaster recovery practice. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 454-67.

Alabi, A S, Adegbile, M, Alabi, O, Abisuga, O, Oyewole, K and Oshodi, O (2017) Stakeholders’ role in disaster-risk-reduction of fire occurrences in Lagos Metropolis. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 425-40.

Alhmoudi, A A and Aziz, Z (2016) Integrated framework for early warning system in UAE. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 361-73.

Allender, C, Sutrisna, M and Zaman, A U (2017) Towards developing robust climate risk management strategies in the estuarine park of the Swan River, Western Australia. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 441-62.

Aslani, F, Amini Hosseini, K and Fallahi, A (2020) A framework for earthquake resilience at neighborhood level. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 557–75.

Cai, H, Rahman, A, Su, X and Zhang, H (2014) A GIS-microscopic simulation approach for optimizing road barrier placement and configuration in university campus emergency evacuation. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(04), 362-79.

Chinowsky, P, Schweikert, A, Hughes, G, Hayles, C S, Strzepek, N, Strzepek, K and Westphal, M (2015) The impact of climate change on road and building infrastructure: a four-country study. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 382-96.

Eltinay, N (2019) City-to-city exchange: redefining “resilience” in the Arab region. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 222–38.

Espada, R, Apan, A and McDougall, K (2017) Vulnerability assessment of urban community and critical infrastructures for integrated flood risk management and climate adaptation strategies. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 375-411.

Freitas, F and Mendes, J M (2019) Disaster, reconstruction, and data for social good: the case of wildfires in Portugal. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 239–47.

Greene, I, Lokuge, W and Karunasena, W (2020) Structural design of floodways under extreme flood loading. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 535–55.

Hobeica, L and Hobeica, A (2019) How adapted are built-environment professionals to flood adaptation?. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 248–59.

Horney, J, Simon, M C, Ricchetti-Masterson, K and Berke, P (2016) Resident perception of disaster recovery planning priorities. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 330-43.

Jamshed, A, Rana, I A, McMillan, J M and Birkmann, J (2019) Building community resilience in post-disaster resettlement in Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 301–15.

Jordan, E, Javernick-Will, A and Amadei, B (2014) A qualitative comparative analysis of neighborhood recovery following Hurricane Katrina. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(04), 391-412.

Kakimoto, R and Yamada, F (2016) Autonomous evacuation and local community. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 374-87.

Kankanamge, N, Yigitcanlar, T, Goonetilleke, A and Kamruzzaman, M (2020) How can gamification be incorporated into disaster emergency planning? A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 481–506.

Kim, H and Kakimoto, R (2016) An international comparative analysis of local hazard mitigation plan evaluation for flood: The USA, Japan and Korea. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 406-19.

Kirby, A M, Dietz, J E, Matson, E T, Pekny, J F and Wojtalewicz, C (2015) Major city evacuation planning using simulation modeling. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 397-408.

Korstanje, M E (2014) Chile helps Chile: exploring the effects of earthquake Chile 2010. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(04), 380-90.

Kuittinen, M and Takano, A (2017) The energy efficiency and carbon footprint of temporary homes: a case study from Japan. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 326-43.

Labaka, L, Hernantes, J and Sarriegi, J M (2015) A framework to improve the resilience of critical infrastructures. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 409-23.

Laugé, A, Hernantes, J and Sarriegi, J M (2015) Analysis of disasters impacts and the relevant role of critical infrastructures for crisis management improvement. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 424-37.

Lee, D W (2020) An exploratory assessment of infrastructure resilience to disasters. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 519–33.

Lummen, N S, Shirozu, H, Okada, N and Yamada, F (2016) Flood risk management an illustrative approach. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 388-405.

MacAskill, K and Guthrie, P (2016) Disaster risk reduction and empowering local government – a case comparison between Sri Lanka and New Zealand. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 318-29.

MacKenzie, A (2017) Planning for the redevelopment after a fire event. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 344-56.

Mandal, S (2014) Supply chain resilience: a state-of-the-art review and research directions. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(04), 427-53.

Mandal, S, Bhattacharya, S, Korasiga, V R and Sarathy, R (2017) The dominant influence of logistics capabilities on integration: Empirical evidence from supply chain resilience. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 357-74.

Martins, A N and Rocha, A (2019) Risk and resilient architectural practices in informal settlements – the role of NGOs. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 276–88.

Nakanishi, H, Black, J and Matsuo, K (2014) Disaster resilience in transportation: Japan earthquake and tsunami 2011. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(04), 341-61.

Novak, V M, Fernandez-Anez, N and Shiraishi, K (2017) Rethinking resilience planning: from problems to potential. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 412-24.

Okoli, J (2020) Expert knowledge elicitation in the firefighting domain and the implications for training novices. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 577–8.

• Type: Journal Article
• Keywords:
• ISBN/ISSN: 1759-5908
• URL: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDRBE-09-2020-086
• Abstract:
  Experienced firefighters often make important decisions in fast-paced fire ground environments characterised by uncertainty and evolving conditions, mostly under considerable time-pressure. The nature of these environments inadvertently presents firefighters with novel situations that occasionally challenge their expertise, subsequently necessitating a reliance on intuitive as opposed to rational decisions. The purpose of this study is to elicit the tacitly held knowledge and intuitive thought processes that were used by 31 experts while managing a range of complex, non-routine fire incidents. The study used a formal knowledge elicitation technique known as the critical decision method (CDM). CDM is a qualitative strategy that applies a set of cognitive probes to explore the cognitive processes that aid the performance of a complex task. This method was preferred to other cognitive task analysis methods as it specifically favours the use of retrospective incident accounts and incidents that were both challenging and memorable. Using the full CDM protocol, 31 experienced firefighters were interviewed across various fire stations in the UK and Nigeria (UK = 15, Nigeria = 16). The interview transcripts were coded, categorised and analysed using the emergent themes analysis approach. The results from the study identified 134 decision points across the 31 incident accounts. A total of 42 salient cues sought by experts at each decision point were revealed and organised into a critical cue inventory. The identified cues were subsequently categorised into five distinct types based on the type of information each cue relayed to an incident commander. The study further developed a decision-making model – information filtering and intuitive decision-making model – that describes how experienced firefighters made difficult fire ground decisions amidst multiple informational sources. The model ultimately showed experts’ preferences for intuitive decisions as the default-thinking mode, with deliberation only required on few instances as conditions warranted. The study also compiled and indexed the cognitive strategies elicited from the expert firefighters into a competence assessment framework. In light of existing debate about the accessibility of expert knowledge, the current study not only provides empirical evidence detailing the practical application of the CDM as a formal knowledge elicitation method but also delineates a range of cognitive outputs from the elicitation process that ultimately holds relevance for knowledge transfer from expert to novices. The study identified a range of training needs and discussed the practical implications of transferring expert knowledge into learning tasks that could subsequently aid the cognitive development of novices. In particular, the study proposed adopting the four-component instructional design model in organising the CDM outputs for training purposes. While it is generally taken that experts, because of their extensive domain knowledge and well-developed schema, often perform considerably (and sometimes exceptionally) well when solving complex problems, finding a credible and objective method to model what experts know and do continues to pose a challenge, particularly when such revelation is crucially required for training purposes. This study is therefore timely since its tacit and intuitive knowledge outputs can now be applied to enhance the development of training curricula for novices. The learning tasks developed from the CDM outputs are hoped to facilitate organisational learning not only within the firefighting domain but also across other high reliability organisations. It is extremely important that expert knowledge is preserved in these domains especially in countries such as the UK, where the rate of real fires has been on decline, which in turn suggests that the quality of experiential knowledge required to manage complex non-routine fire cases may also be on decline. The current study also presents and discusses insights based on the cultural differences observed between the UK and the Nigerian fire services.

Ophiyandri, T, Amaratunga, D and Keraminiyage, K (2016) Advantages and limitations of community-based post-disaster housing reconstruction projects. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 420-31.

Panda, A and Bower, A (2020) Cyber security and the disaster resilience framework. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 507–18.

Pinheiro, A T K and Hokugo, A (2019) Effectiveness of early warning and community cooperation for evacuation preparedness from mega-risk type coastal hazard in childcare centers. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 260–75.

Rahmayati, Y (2016) Reframing “building back better” for post-disaster housing design: a community perspective. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 344-60.

Saja, A A, Teo, M, Goonetilleke, A, Ziyath, A and Gunatilake, J (2020) Selection of surrogates to assess social resilience in disaster management using multi-criteria decision analysis. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 453–80.

Shieh, E, Habibi, K, Torabi, K and Masoumi, H E (2014) Earthquake risk in urban street network: an example from Region 6 of Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(04), 413-26.

Strang, K D D (2015) Developing prescriptive environmental protection models from descriptive human accident behavior. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 438-53.

Vahanvati, M and Rafliana, I (2019) Reliability of Build Back Better at enhancing resilience of communities. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 208–21.

Zapico, F, Hernandez, J, Borromeo, T, McNally, K, Dizon, J and Fernando, E (2019) Traditional agro-ecosystems in Southern Philippines. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 289–300.

Zhang, J, Zou, W and Kumaraswamy, M (2015) Developing public private people partnership (4P) for post disaster infrastructure procurement. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 468-84.