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Aijazi, O (2015) Social repair and structural inequity: implications for disaster recovery practice. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 454-67.

Alabi, A S, Adegbile, M, Alabi, O, Abisuga, O, Oyewole, K and Oshodi, O (2017) Stakeholders’ role in disaster-risk-reduction of fire occurrences in Lagos Metropolis. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 425-40.

Alhmoudi, A A and Aziz, Z (2016) Integrated framework for early warning system in UAE. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 361-73.

Allender, C, Sutrisna, M and Zaman, A U (2017) Towards developing robust climate risk management strategies in the estuarine park of the Swan River, Western Australia. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 441-62.

Aslani, F, Amini Hosseini, K and Fallahi, A (2020) A framework for earthquake resilience at neighborhood level. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 557–75.

Cai, H, Rahman, A, Su, X and Zhang, H (2014) A GIS-microscopic simulation approach for optimizing road barrier placement and configuration in university campus emergency evacuation. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(04), 362-79.

Chinowsky, P, Schweikert, A, Hughes, G, Hayles, C S, Strzepek, N, Strzepek, K and Westphal, M (2015) The impact of climate change on road and building infrastructure: a four-country study. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 382-96.

Eltinay, N (2019) City-to-city exchange: redefining “resilience” in the Arab region. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 222–38.

• Type: Journal Article
• Keywords: Resilience; Arab region; City-to-city exchange; Displacement; Disaster risk reduction; Fragility;
• ISBN/ISSN: 1759-5908
• URL: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDRBE-05-2019-0028
• Abstract:
  It might seem plausible to argue that effective monitoring of disaster data loss can help achieve progress in reporting to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) and the global targets of sustainable development goals and associated indicators. Nevertheless, with the lack of climate change and disaster data losses in the Arab region, the integration of risks associated with socio-economic dimensions at the wider scale of displacement is important to shape a regional understanding of resilience terminology and provides the means of translating it. The purpose of this paper is to identify the means of redefining “Resilience” in the Arab region context of climate change, conflict and displacement in association with the theoretical principles of the “fragile city”. In an attempt to achieve the SFDRR target (E) “substantially increase the number of countries with national and local DRR strategies by 2020,” this study investigates the use of the (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction) disaster resilience scorecard as a guiding principle for city-to-city (C2C) resilience-building knowledge exchange between Amman (Jordan) and Khartoum (Sudan). Facing similar urban challenges against disaster and violent conflict-protracted displacement, the study findings indicate that the C2C exchange program was useful in understanding the cities’ urban risk profiles, promoting dialogue among local governments and creating a culture of learning organizations for knowledge sharing on DRR governance and beyond. However, the applied resilience assessments overlooked the qualitative and socio-ecological understanding of climate change risk and human security principles among the most vulnerable groups of refugees and internally displaced persons in fragile settings. This is recommended to be integrated into building coherence for resilience across the 2015-2030 Global Agendas reporting and monitoring mechanisms, leaving “no one behind”. The C2C exchange program for Amman and Khartoum was an opportunity for understanding the cities’ urban risk profiles, addressing challenges and building “decentralized cooperation” beyond the cities’ institutional boundaries (UN Habitat, 2001), with recommendations for “selecting resilience indicators specific to fragile cities” to quantitatively measure disaster displaced persons’ (DDPs) vulnerabilities and current status of “income and social equality, microeconomic security, provision of basic services and social protection” while providing qualitative evidence on “social cohesion, social networks/social support and local government–community cooperation” (Patel and Nosal, 2016).

Espada, R, Apan, A and McDougall, K (2017) Vulnerability assessment of urban community and critical infrastructures for integrated flood risk management and climate adaptation strategies. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 375-411.

Freitas, F and Mendes, J M (2019) Disaster, reconstruction, and data for social good: the case of wildfires in Portugal. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 239–47.

Greene, I, Lokuge, W and Karunasena, W (2020) Structural design of floodways under extreme flood loading. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 535–55.

Hobeica, L and Hobeica, A (2019) How adapted are built-environment professionals to flood adaptation?. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 248–59.

Horney, J, Simon, M C, Ricchetti-Masterson, K and Berke, P (2016) Resident perception of disaster recovery planning priorities. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 330-43.

Jamshed, A, Rana, I A, McMillan, J M and Birkmann, J (2019) Building community resilience in post-disaster resettlement in Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 301–15.

Jordan, E, Javernick-Will, A and Amadei, B (2014) A qualitative comparative analysis of neighborhood recovery following Hurricane Katrina. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(04), 391-412.

Kakimoto, R and Yamada, F (2016) Autonomous evacuation and local community. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 374-87.

Kankanamge, N, Yigitcanlar, T, Goonetilleke, A and Kamruzzaman, M (2020) How can gamification be incorporated into disaster emergency planning? A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 481–506.

Kim, H and Kakimoto, R (2016) An international comparative analysis of local hazard mitigation plan evaluation for flood: The USA, Japan and Korea. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 406-19.

Kirby, A M, Dietz, J E, Matson, E T, Pekny, J F and Wojtalewicz, C (2015) Major city evacuation planning using simulation modeling. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 397-408.

Korstanje, M E (2014) Chile helps Chile: exploring the effects of earthquake Chile 2010. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(04), 380-90.

Kuittinen, M and Takano, A (2017) The energy efficiency and carbon footprint of temporary homes: a case study from Japan. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 326-43.

Labaka, L, Hernantes, J and Sarriegi, J M (2015) A framework to improve the resilience of critical infrastructures. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 409-23.

Laugé, A, Hernantes, J and Sarriegi, J M (2015) Analysis of disasters impacts and the relevant role of critical infrastructures for crisis management improvement. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 424-37.

Lee, D W (2020) An exploratory assessment of infrastructure resilience to disasters. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 519–33.

Lummen, N S, Shirozu, H, Okada, N and Yamada, F (2016) Flood risk management an illustrative approach. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 388-405.

MacAskill, K and Guthrie, P (2016) Disaster risk reduction and empowering local government – a case comparison between Sri Lanka and New Zealand. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 318-29.

MacKenzie, A (2017) Planning for the redevelopment after a fire event. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 344-56.

Mandal, S (2014) Supply chain resilience: a state-of-the-art review and research directions. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(04), 427-53.

Mandal, S, Bhattacharya, S, Korasiga, V R and Sarathy, R (2017) The dominant influence of logistics capabilities on integration: Empirical evidence from supply chain resilience. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 357-74.

Martins, A N and Rocha, A (2019) Risk and resilient architectural practices in informal settlements – the role of NGOs. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 276–88.

Nakanishi, H, Black, J and Matsuo, K (2014) Disaster resilience in transportation: Japan earthquake and tsunami 2011. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(04), 341-61.

Novak, V M, Fernandez-Anez, N and Shiraishi, K (2017) Rethinking resilience planning: from problems to potential. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 8(04), 412-24.

Okoli, J (2020) Expert knowledge elicitation in the firefighting domain and the implications for training novices. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 577–8.

Ophiyandri, T, Amaratunga, D and Keraminiyage, K (2016) Advantages and limitations of community-based post-disaster housing reconstruction projects. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 420-31.

Panda, A and Bower, A (2020) Cyber security and the disaster resilience framework. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 507–18.

Pinheiro, A T K and Hokugo, A (2019) Effectiveness of early warning and community cooperation for evacuation preparedness from mega-risk type coastal hazard in childcare centers. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 260–75.

Rahmayati, Y (2016) Reframing “building back better” for post-disaster housing design: a community perspective. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(04), 344-60.

Saja, A A, Teo, M, Goonetilleke, A, Ziyath, A and Gunatilake, J (2020) Selection of surrogates to assess social resilience in disaster management using multi-criteria decision analysis. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 11(04), 453–80.

Shieh, E, Habibi, K, Torabi, K and Masoumi, H E (2014) Earthquake risk in urban street network: an example from Region 6 of Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 5(04), 413-26.

Strang, K D D (2015) Developing prescriptive environmental protection models from descriptive human accident behavior. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 438-53.

Vahanvati, M and Rafliana, I (2019) Reliability of Build Back Better at enhancing resilience of communities. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 208–21.

Zapico, F, Hernandez, J, Borromeo, T, McNally, K, Dizon, J and Fernando, E (2019) Traditional agro-ecosystems in Southern Philippines. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 10(04), 289–300.

Zhang, J, Zou, W and Kumaraswamy, M (2015) Developing public private people partnership (4P) for post disaster infrastructure procurement. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 6(04), 468-84.